Q1(i)Fixed cost classification in transport costing
0 marks hard
Case: EcoTrans Logistics Pvt. Ltd. is a regional goods transport company based in the industrial hub of LogiPort, providing daily freight services to and from GreenCity, located 120 kilometres away. The company operates 24 transport vehicles of varying capacities.
Fleet Composition:
- 6 vehicles × 10 MT
- 8 vehicles × 14 MT
- 6 vehicles × 18 MT
- 4 vehicles × 22 MT
Each vehicle operates one round trip per day. Vehicles are loaded to 85% capacity on the forward journey and 65% on the return. On average, 12% of the fleet is under maintenance at any time. The company operated for 26 days in April 202…
What is the total fixed cost for April 2025?
(A) ₹21,95,000
(B) ₹20,89,750
(C) ₹22,89,250
(D) ₹19,98,250
Q1(ii)Variable cost classification in transport costing
0 marks hard
Case: EcoTrans Logistics Pvt. Ltd. is a regional goods transport company based in the industrial hub of LogiPort, providing daily freight services to and from GreenCity, located 120 kilometres away. The company operates 24 transport vehicles of varying capacities.
Fleet Composition:
- 6 vehicles × 10 MT
- 8 vehicles × 14 MT
- 6 vehicles × 18 MT
- 4 vehicles × 22 MT
Each vehicle operates one round trip per day. Vehicles are loaded to 85% capacity on the forward journey and 65% on the return. On average, 12% of the fleet is under maintenance at any time. The company operated for 26 days in April 202…
Calculate the total variable cost for April 2025.
(A) ₹44,71,885
(B) ₹31,50,000
(C) ₹29,65,920
(D) ₹48,45,000
Q1(iii)Freight rate determination with profit margin
0 marks hard
Case: EcoTrans Logistics Pvt. Ltd. is a regional goods transport company based in the industrial hub of LogiPort, providing daily freight services to and from GreenCity, located 120 kilometres away. The company operates 24 transport vehicles of varying capacities.
Fleet Composition:
- 6 vehicles × 10 MT
- 8 vehicles × 14 MT
- 6 vehicles × 18 MT
- 4 vehicles × 22 MT
Each vehicle operates one round trip per day. Vehicles are loaded to 85% capacity on the forward journey and 65% on the return. On average, 12% of the fleet is under maintenance at any time. The company operated for 26 days in April 202…
What should be the freight rate per ton-km to achieve a 20% profit margin?
(A) ₹4.461
(B) ₹5.576
(C) ₹4.372
(D) ₹3.845
Q1(iv)Loading and unloading labour cost in transport
0 marks hard
Case: EcoTrans Logistics Pvt. Ltd. is a regional goods transport company based in the industrial hub of LogiPort, providing daily freight services to and from GreenCity, located 120 kilometres away. The company operates 24 transport vehicles of varying capacities.
Fleet Composition:
- 6 vehicles × 10 MT
- 8 vehicles × 14 MT
- 6 vehicles × 18 MT
- 4 vehicles × 22 MT
Each vehicle operates one round trip per day. Vehicles are loaded to 85% capacity on the forward journey and 65% on the return. On average, 12% of the fleet is under maintenance at any time. The company operated for 26 days in April 202…
Calculate the total wages paid to loading and unloading labour in April 2025.
(A) ₹10,43,520
(B) ₹10,42,560
(C) ₹9,85,000
(D) ₹10,37,400
Q1(v)Ton-kilometre calculation in transport costing
0 marks hard
Case: EcoTrans Logistics Pvt. Ltd. is a regional goods transport company based in the industrial hub of LogiPort, providing daily freight services to and from GreenCity, located 120 kilometres away. The company operates 24 transport vehicles of varying capacities.
Fleet Composition:
- 6 vehicles × 10 MT
- 8 vehicles × 14 MT
- 6 vehicles × 18 MT
- 4 vehicles × 22 MT
Each vehicle operates one round trip per day. Vehicles are loaded to 85% capacity on the forward journey and 65% on the return. On average, 12% of the fleet is under maintenance at any time. The company operated for 26 days in April 202…
What is the total ton-kilometers (ton-km) generated by EcoTrans Logistics in April 2025?
(A) 1,31,789 ton-km
(B) 5,49,120 ton-km
(C) 15,15,571 ton-km
(D) 26,00,000 ton-km
Q2(i)Cost of sales per unit in cost sheet
0 marks hard
Case: In order to provide employment opportunities in rural areas of Madhya Pradesh, the State government decided to give an interest-free loan up to ₹30,00,00,000 to Khadi cloth industrialists. The loan is refundable after 20 years in lump sum. A stipulation requires that 40% of cloth production shall be supplied to the government at a nominal rate of ₹10 per metre for making uniforms of Class IV employees.
Haryana cloth mill of Hissar took a loan of ₹30 crores and commenced business in Dindori, a rural district of Madhya Pradesh.
Production during the year 2023-24: 40,00,000 metres of Khadi clot…
Determine cost of sales per metre of cloth produced.
(A) ₹13.25
(B) ₹16.25
(C) ₹18.25
(D) ₹15.25
Q2(ii)Loss on government supply below cost
0 marks hard
Case: In order to provide employment opportunities in rural areas of Madhya Pradesh, the State government decided to give an interest-free loan up to ₹30,00,00,000 to Khadi cloth industrialists. The loan is refundable after 20 years in lump sum. A stipulation requires that 40% of cloth production shall be supplied to the government at a nominal rate of ₹10 per metre for making uniforms of Class IV employees.
Haryana cloth mill of Hissar took a loan of ₹30 crores and commenced business in Dindori, a rural district of Madhya Pradesh.
Production during the year 2023-24: 40,00,000 metres of Khadi clot…
Determine the loss element per metre in government supply.
(A) ₹7.25
(B) ₹5.75
(C) ₹4.50
(D) ₹6.25
Q2(iii)Selling price determination with profit target
0 marks hard
Case: In order to provide employment opportunities in rural areas of Madhya Pradesh, the State government decided to give an interest-free loan up to ₹30,00,00,000 to Khadi cloth industrialists. The loan is refundable after 20 years in lump sum. A stipulation requires that 40% of cloth production shall be supplied to the government at a nominal rate of ₹10 per metre for making uniforms of Class IV employees.
Haryana cloth mill of Hissar took a loan of ₹30 crores and commenced business in Dindori, a rural district of Madhya Pradesh.
Production during the year 2023-24: 40,00,000 metres of Khadi clot…
What will be the selling price per metre charged from general public?
(A) ₹29
(B) ₹27
(C) ₹31
(D) ₹33
Q2(iv)Rate of return on sales in financial accounts
0 marks hard
Case: In order to provide employment opportunities in rural areas of Madhya Pradesh, the State government decided to give an interest-free loan up to ₹30,00,00,000 to Khadi cloth industrialists. The loan is refundable after 20 years in lump sum. A stipulation requires that 40% of cloth production shall be supplied to the government at a nominal rate of ₹10 per metre for making uniforms of Class IV employees.
Haryana cloth mill of Hissar took a loan of ₹30 crores and commenced business in Dindori, a rural district of Madhya Pradesh.
Production during the year 2023-24: 40,00,000 metres of Khadi clot…
What will be the rate of return on overall sales proceeds as per financial accounts?
(A) 22.313%
(B) 18.781%
(C) 24.387%
(D) 20.564%
Q2(v)Impact of revised selling price on net profit
0 marks hard
Case: In order to provide employment opportunities in rural areas of Madhya Pradesh, the State government decided to give an interest-free loan up to ₹30,00,00,000 to Khadi cloth industrialists. The loan is refundable after 20 years in lump sum. A stipulation requires that 40% of cloth production shall be supplied to the government at a nominal rate of ₹10 per metre for making uniforms of Class IV employees.
Haryana cloth mill of Hissar took a loan of ₹30 crores and commenced business in Dindori, a rural district of Madhya Pradesh.
Production during the year 2023-24: 40,00,000 metres of Khadi clot…
What will be the net profit in financial accounts from the factory, if government fixed the price of the cloth to be sold to general public at ₹28?
(A) ₹1,67,20,000
(B) ₹1,66,00,000
(C) ₹1,66,20,000
(D) ₹1,67,00,000
Q3Standard costing variances — material, labour, fixed overhea
0 marks easy
A manufacturing company has set the standard cost for producing one unit of its product as follows:
• Direct Material: 10 kg @ ₹5/kg
• Direct Labour: 4 hours @ ₹20/hour
• Variable Overhead: 4 hours @ ₹5/hour
• Fixed Overhead: ₹10 per unit (based on normal output of 5,000 units)
During a particular month, the company produced 4,800 units. The actual results were:
• Direct Material Used: 49,000 kg costing ₹2,45,000
• Direct Labour: 19,200 hours costing ₹3,84,000
• Variable Overhead Incurred: ₹95,000
• Fixed Overhead Incurred: ₹52,000
Based on this information, which of the following statements is most accurate?
(A) The material usage variance is ₹5,000 (Favourable)
(B) The labour rate variance is ₹19,200 (Adverse)
(C) The labour rate variance is ₹19,200 (Favourable)
(D) The fixed overhead volume variance is ₹2,000 (Adverse)
Q4Cost sheet and selling price with closing inventory
0 marks easy
A manufacturing firm has produced 10,000 units of a standard product by incurring the following expenses:
Material costs: ₹80,000
Labour costs: ₹40,000
Production overhead: ₹30,000
Office overhead: 20% of factory cost
Estimated selling and distribution overhead is ₹4 per unit. If the firm has no inventory at the beginning of the period and expects to maintain 20% of output as closing inventory, at what price per unit should the product be sold to earn a profit of 20% on sales?
(A) ₹27.50
(B) ₹23.00
(C) ₹26.40
(D) ₹28.75
Q5Material cost variance
0 marks easy
Product AB has a standard cost of ₹32, ₹6 of which relates to direct materials. Budgeted production for the month was 1,600 units. During the month, 1,500 units of AB were produced and materials worth ₹9,000 were purchased. There was no opening stock of materials but closing stock, which was valued at standard cost, amounted to ₹1,500. What is the total variance for materials?
(A) ₹500 (F)
(B) ₹500 (A)
(C) ₹1,500 (F)
(D) ₹1,500 (A)
Q6Transfer pricing with target profit
0 marks easy
Rinki Ltd. has two divisions, A and B. Target profit of A is ₹100 lakh. A has capacity to produce 20,000 units of product P but only 15,000 units are produced and sold in the market at ₹3,000 per unit. B received an order for which P would be required as input. B approaches A for purchase of 5,000 units of P. What price should A charge from B per unit of P so as to meet its target profit? (Other details of A are: Fixed cost is ₹90 lakh; Variable cost per unit of P is ₹2,000)
(A) ₹3,000
(B) ₹2,800
(C) ₹2,500
(D) ₹2,000
Q7Raw material purchase budget
0 marks easy
A company plans to produce 44,000 units during the budget period. The company requires 4 units of raw material to produce 1 unit of finished goods. The company currently has 1,00,000 units of raw material on hand and wishes to have an inventory of 1,10,000 units of raw material on hand at the end of the budget period. The number of raw material units to be purchased during the budget period is:
(A) 1,76,000 units
(B) 1,67,000 units
(C) 1,86,000 units
(D) 1,68,000 units
Q8Material purchase cost comparison and EOQ
0 marks easy
XYZ Enterprises manufactures different types of beverages. The monthly demand pattern is: Orange Juice: 60,000 litres; Apple Juice: 20,000 litres; Grape Juice: 5,000 litres. To produce one litre of Apple Juice, Orange Juice, and Grape Juice, 6 kg of apples, 3 kg of oranges, and 5 kg of grapes are required respectively. There is no opening or closing stock of raw materials.
XYZ Enterprises can source raw materials either from local farmers (or import in case of grapes) or from wholesale suppliers. Purchasing conditions:
Oranges — Wholesale Supplier: min. any qty, ₹18.00/kg, transport ₹5,000, loading ₹10/50 kg, unloading ₹2/50 kg; Farmers: min. 7,20,000 kg, ₹15.00/kg, transport ₹20,000, sorting & piling ₹1,500, loading ₹5/50 kg, unloading ₹2/50 kg.
Apples — Wholesale Supplier: min. any qty, ₹12.00/kg, transport ₹11,000, loading ₹10/50 kg, unloading ₹2/50 kg; Farmers: min. 3,60,000 kg, ₹10.00/kg, transport ₹15,000, sorting & piling ₹1,200, loading ₹3/50 kg, unloading ₹2/50 kg.
Grapes — Wholesale Supplier: min. any qty, ₹32.00/kg, transport ₹3,000, loading ₹10/50 kg, unloading ₹2/50 kg; Import: min. 1,50,000 kg, ₹25.00/kg, transport ₹15,000, loading ₹25/50 kg, unloading ₹2/50 kg. 8% import duty applicable on grapes (ITC not available).
Transportation and sorting/piling cost is per purchase order. XYZ Enterprises pays 15% annual interest on cash credit facility and ₹1,000 per 1,000 kg warehouse rent.
Q9Employee cost — overtime, holiday pay, effective wage rate
0 marks easy
Tommy HL Ltd. pays the following to a skilled worker engaged in production works:
(a) Basic salary per day: ₹1,000
(b) Dearness allowance (DA): 20% of basic salary
(c) House rent allowance: 16% of basic salary
(d) Transport allowance: ₹50 per day of actual work
(e) Overtime: Twice the hourly rate (considers basic and DA), only if works more than 9 hours a day; overtime considered after 8th hour.
(f) Work on holiday and Sunday: Double of per day basic rate, provided works at least 4 hours; eligible for all allowances and statutory deductions.
(h) Earned leave & Casual leave: Paid leave.
(h) Employer's contribution to Provident fund: 12% of basic and DA.
(i) Employer's contribution to Pension fund: 7% of basic and DA.
The company normally works 8 hours a day and 26 days in a month with a 30-minute lunch break.
During August 2025, Mr. Shyam works for 23 days including 15th August (holiday) and a Sunday, and applied for 3 days of casual leave. On 15th August and Sunday he worked for 5 and 6 hours respectively without lunch break. On 5th and 13th August he worked for 10 and 9 hours respectively. During the month Mr. Shyam worked for 100 hours on Job no. AB100.
You are required to CALCULATE:
Q10Overhead allocation and apportionment — primary and secondar
0 marks easy
BrightTech Appliances Ltd. is a leading manufacturer of smart home devices (SmartCool AC, PowerLite Inverter, and EcoDry Dryer). The company operates through four departments: Production, Administration, Sales & Distribution, and General Management.
Budget extract for the next financial year:
Raw Material Cost: ₹5,75,00,000 (consumed 3:4:3 for three products)
Indirect Material Cost: ₹12,50,000 (Manufacturing ₹7,20,000, Stores ₹25,000, General admin ₹3,80,000, Personnel ₹95,000, Sales ₹30,000)
Salary & Wages: ₹4,20,00,000 (includes direct wages ₹1,60,00,000)
Rent & Property Tax: ₹1,20,000 (Warehouse Rent ₹90,000, Property Tax ₹30,000)
Depreciation on Non-Current Assets: ₹25,00,000 (Factory/office building ₹10,50,000, ACs ₹2,00,000, Machinery ₹12,50,000)
Power & Fuel: ₹4,90,000 (₹4,70,000 manufacturing, ₹20,000 delivery vans)
Machinery Insurance Premium: ₹5,00,000 (at 4% of WDV of machinery)
Group Employee Insurance: ₹3,10,000 (based on gross salary, excluding direct workers and top management)
Printing & Stationery: ₹8,20,000 (Manufacturing ₹21,000, Finance ₹5,50,000, Legal ₹28,000, Sales ₹2,21,000)
Audit Fees: ₹1,40,000
Electricity Expense: ₹4,00,000 (Metered: Production 5,600, Admin 10,000, Sales & Distribution 4,000, General Management 1,600 units)
Telephone & Mobile: ₹4,95,000 (Production ₹1,25,000, Personnel ₹50,000, General Mgmt ₹30,000, Sales ₹75,000, Customer Support ₹2,15,000)
Travelling Expenses: ₹24,00,000 (Production ₹5,50,000, General Mgmt ₹12,00,000, Sales ₹6,50,000)
Meal Coupon Subsidy: ₹2,25,000 (₹3,000 per employee on roll)
Software License Renewals: ₹16,50,000 (Stores Management ₹8,50,000, Finance ₹1,50,000, Stores ₹30,000, Customer Support ₹6,20,000)
Miscellaneous Expenditures: ₹9,50,000 (allocated based on direct expenses)
Additional Information:
• Employee Count: Production 22, Admin 20, Sales & Distribution 28
• Average Gross Salary: Production ₹6,30,000, Admin ₹4,20,000, Sales & Distribution ₹3,50,000, General Mgmt ₹2,80,000
• Floor Area: Production 9,900 m², Admin 3,600 m², Sales & Distribution 2,700 m², General Mgmt 1,800 m²
• AC Tonnage: Production 6,000 RT, Admin 3,000 RT, S&D 3,000 RT, General Mgmt 1,500 RT
• Depreciation Rates: Building 5%, AC 15%, Machinery 10%
• Department Roles: General Mgmt: 70% Sales strategy, 20% Production/Marketing, 10% Admin; Admin: 50% Production, 50% Sales
Q11Customer profitability analysis — Activity Based Costing
0 marks easy
Edward Ltd. manufactures weighing machines of standard size and sells its products to two industrial customers — MT Ltd. and KG Ltd. — and to a dealer MG Bros. having shops in different cities. The maximum retail price per unit is ₹11,000 and per unit average cost of production is ₹5,500 (40% is general fixed overhead cost).
Additional overhead information:
Delivery costs: ₹200 per kilometre
Emergency delivery cost (in addition to delivery cost): ₹21,000 per delivery
Order processing cost: ₹6,000 per order
Specific discount and sales commission: as per negotiation
Product advertisement cost: actual cost
Customer data:
MT Ltd. KG Ltd. MG Bros.
Sales (units) 2,000 1,000 800
Total delivery km 1,000 800 900
No. of emergency del. 2 1 0
No. of orders 4 2 8
Specific Discount 25% 20% 15%
Sales commission 15% 10% 5%
Advertisement costs ₹8,75,000 ₹6,15,000 ₹4,30,000
You are required to analyse the profitability for each customer and identify which customer is the most profitable.
Q12Costing P&L, overhead control accounts, profit reconciliatio
0 marks easy
XYZ Limited manufactures a standard product. Discrepancies were observed between financial and cost profits. The following is the Trading and Profit & Loss Account of XYZ Limited:
Dr. side: Raw Materials ₹32,50,000; Direct Wages ₹21,75,000; Production Overheads ₹11,20,000; Administration Overheads ₹6,25,000; Selling & Distribution Overheads ₹4,60,000; Preliminary Expenses Written Off ₹30,000; Goodwill Written Off ₹55,000; Fines ₹10,000; Interest on Term Loan ₹18,000; Loss on Sale of Equipment ₹20,000; Tax ₹2,25,000; Net Profit ₹23,79,500. Total: ₹1,03,67,500.
Cr. side: Sales (40,000 units) ₹92,00,000; Closing Finished Goods (2,000 units) ₹3,90,000; Work-in-Progress: Materials ₹72,000, Wages ₹34,000, Production Overheads ₹26,500 (total WIP ₹1,32,500); Dividend Received ₹5,25,000; Interest from Bank Deposits ₹1,20,000. Total: ₹1,03,67,500.
Cost Accounting records show:
1. Production Overheads absorbed at 25% on Prime Cost.
2. Administration Overheads charged at ₹14.75 per unit of finished goods produced.
3. Selling and Distribution Overheads charged at ₹11.50 per unit sold.
4. Under- or over-absorption of overheads has not been adjusted in the Costing Profit & Loss Account.
You are required to:
Q13Job costing — cost sheet and price quotation
0 marks easy
A manufacturing company follows a job costing system. The following data is extracted from its books for the year ended 31st March, 2025:
Direct Materials: ₹12,50,000
Direct Wages: ₹9,80,000
Selling & Distribution Overheads (Variable: 60%, Fixed: 40%): ₹6,30,000
Administration Overheads (Fixed): ₹5,40,000
Factory Overheads (70% Fixed, 30% Variable): ₹5,75,000
Profit: ₹8,25,000
Overhead Recovery:
— Factory overheads absorbed as a % of Direct Wages.
— Selling & Distribution and Administration overheads recovered as a % of Cost of Production.
In 2025-26, the company received a new job order. Estimated direct materials: ₹3,20,000; direct labour: ₹2,10,000.
Additional Information for 2025-26:
• Selling & Distribution overheads have increased by 20% (with variable portion now being 65%).
• Factory overheads have decreased by 10% due to efficiency improvements.
• The company wants to maintain the same profit % on sales as in the previous year.
(Assume relevant cost rates are based on previous year's data unless specified otherwise.)
Q14Process costing — weighted average method, missing figures
0 marks easy
Following data are available for a product for the month of April 2025:
Process-I: Direct materials ₹6,00,000; Labour ₹1,20,000; Factory overheads ₹2,40,000; Units received in process 40,000; Completed and transferred 36,000; Closing WIP 2,000; Normal loss 2,000.
Process-II: Labour ₹1,60,000; Factory overheads ₹2,00,000; Units received in process 36,000; Completed and transferred 32,000; Closing WIP = ?; Normal loss 1,500. (There has been no abnormal loss in Process-II.)
WIP valuation: Materials 100%, Labour 50%, Overheads 50%.
The company follows the weighted average method for valuing inventory.
Prepare Process Accounts after working out the missing figures and with detailed workings.
Q15Joint products — apportionment, further processing decision
0 marks easy
A company processes a raw material in its Department 1 to produce three products P, Q and C at the same split-off stage. During a period, 1,80,000 kgs of raw materials were processed at a total cost of ₹12,88,000 and the resultant output was: P = 18,000 kgs, Q = 10,000 kgs, C = 54,000 kgs.
P and Q were further processed in Department 2 at costs of ₹1,80,000 and ₹1,50,000 respectively. C was further processed in Department 3 at a cost of ₹1,08,000. No waste in further processing.
Sales during the period:
P: 17,000 kgs sold at ₹12,24,000
Q: 5,000 kgs sold at ₹2,50,000
C: 44,000 kgs sold at ₹7,92,000
There were no opening stocks. If sold at split-off stage, selling prices would be: P = ₹50/kg, Q = ₹40/kg, C = ₹10/kg.
Q16Standard costing — material mix, yield, usage and price vari
0 marks easy
A company produces product X using raw materials A and B. The standard mix of A and B is 1:1 and the standard loss is 10% of input. You are required to COMPUTE the MISSING INFORMATION indicated by '?' based on the data given below:
A B Total
Std. price (₹/kg) 24 30
Actual input (kg) ? 70
Actual output (kg) ?
Actual price (₹/kg) 30 ?
Std. input qty (kg) ? ?
Yield variance ? ? 270 (A)
Mix variance ? ? ?
Usage variance ? ? ?
Price variance ? ? ?
Cost variance 0 ? 1,300 (A)
Q17Marginal costing — make or buy decision
0 marks easy
Jupiter Ltd, an FMCG company, intends to diversify its product line by developing a new product 'EXE'. 'EXE' is packed in cans of 100 ml and sold to wholesalers in cartons of 24 cans at ₹120 per carton. No additional fixed expenses will be incurred as spare capacity is used. However, ₹1,12,500 per month is allocated as fixed expenses.
Estimated production and sale: 1,50,000 cans per month. Cost estimates per carton:
Direct Materials: ₹54; Direct Wages: ₹36; All Overheads: ₹27; Total Costs: ₹117.
Production can be increased to 1,75,000 cans/month and ultimately 2,25,000 cans/month.
The company has capacity to manufacture 1,50,000 empty cans. Cost of empty cans if purchased outside results in saving of 20% in direct material, 10% in direct wages, and 10% in variable overhead costs of 'EXE'. Outside price of empty can: ₹0.675 per can. For empty cans in excess of 1,50,000, a machine involving additional fixed overhead of ₹7,500 per month must be installed.
Q18Budgetary control — material purchases and wages budget
0 marks easy
SIAM Ltd. manufactures two products using one type of material and one grade of labour.
Particulars: Product A Product B
Budgeted Sales (Units): 1,800 2,400
Budgeted Material Consumption 5 kg 3 kg
per product (₹12/kg)
Standard Hours Allowed: 5 hrs 4 hrs
(Budgeted Wage Rate ₹8/hr)
Overtime premium is 50%, payable if a worker works for more than 40 hours a week. There are 45 direct workers. Target productivity ratio (efficiency ratio) for productive hours is 80%; non-productive downtime is budgeted at 20% of productive hours worked. There are twelve 5-day weeks in the budget period; sales and production occur evenly throughout.
Opening stocks: Product A 510 units; Product B 1,200 units; Raw material 2,150 kg.
Target closing stocks: Product A 15 days' sales; Product B 20 days' sales; Raw material 10 days' consumption.
Required:
Q19Theory — cost classifications, cost drivers, budgetary contr
0 marks easy
Answer the following: