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Imagine you finish auditing Rajesh & Co. Pvt. Ltd.'s books for the year ending 31 March 2025. You sign your audit report on 20 May 2025. But the company's AGM where the financials are officially adopted happens on 15 July 2025. A lot can happen in those weeks — and SA 560 tells you exactly what your job is during each of those windows.

SA 560 – Subsequent Events governs the auditor's responsibilities for events that occur after the date of the financial statements (31 March here) but which may affect those statements. The standard splits this into two critical periods, and your duties are different in each.

Period 1: From the FS date to the Auditor's Report date (31 March → 20 May). You are actively responsible here. You must perform subsequent events procedures — things like reading board minutes, reviewing interim financials, and asking management whether anything significant has happened. If you find an adjusting event (one that gives evidence of a condition that existed at the FS date — e.g., a major debtor went bankrupt on 10 April but the debt existed on 31 March), the financials must be corrected. If it's a non-adjusting event (a new condition arising after 31 March — e.g., a factory fire in April), only a disclosure is needed, not a change in numbers.

Period 2: After the Auditor's Report date but before the FS are issued (20 May → 15 July). You have no obligation to perform further procedures. But if you become aware of a material fact, you must discuss it with management. If the FS need amendment, a new or amended auditor's report is issued. If management refuses to act, you must notify those charged with governance, and if that still fails, take steps to prevent reliance on the original report.

Period 3: After the FS are issued. Same logic — no obligation to hunt, but if something comes to light, the same escalation path applies. Management may need to issue revised financials, and you issue a new report with an Emphasis of Matter paragraph explaining the revision.

This is asked frequently as a 4-mark or 8-mark question — especially the auditor's duties in Period 2. The examiner loves asking: "What if management refuses to amend?"

📊 Worked example

Example 1 — Adjusting vs. Non-Adjusting Event

Rajesh & Co. Pvt. Ltd. has a trade receivable of ₹12,00,000 from a customer, recorded as good debt in the books as at 31 March 2025.

  • Scenario A: On 25 April 2025 (before the audit report date of 20 May), the customer is declared insolvent. Investigation reveals the company was already in financial difficulty in March 2025.
  • This is an adjusting event — the condition (insolvency risk) existed at 31 March.
  • Action: Management must write off / provide for the ₹12,00,000 in the 31 March 2025 financials. The auditor cannot sign off until this correction is made.
  • Scenario B: On 25 April 2025, the customer's factory is destroyed in a sudden fire. The customer was financially sound on 31 March 2025.
  • This is a non-adjusting event — new condition arose after the FS date.
  • Action: No change to the ₹12,00,000 figure. However, management must disclose this event in the notes to the financial statements.
  • Final answer: Disclose; do not adjust the numbers.

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Example 2 — Management Refuses to Amend (Period 2)

Audit report for Ms. Iyer's firm is signed on 1 June 2025. On 20 June 2025, before the AGM on 10 July, you learn that a ₹50,00,000 contingent liability (a court case that was decided against the firm on 5 June) was not disclosed.

  • Step 1: Discuss with management — request amendment of financials.
  • Step 2: Management refuses.
  • Step 3: Notify Those Charged with Governance (TCWG) — the Board/Audit Committee.
  • Step 4: If TCWG also refuses action, take steps to prevent users from relying on your original report (e.g., notify regulatory authorities if required under law).
  • Exam answer (bold): The auditor must issue a new or amended report; if management refuses, notify TCWG and consider reporting to regulators — withdrawal alone is not sufficient.

⚠️ Common exam mistakes

  • Students confuse the two periods. They think the auditor must keep checking even after signing the report. Wrong — after the report date, you have no active duty to search; duty arises only if you become aware of something.
  • Mixing up adjusting and non-adjusting events. The test is NOT whether the event happened before or after the FS date — it's whether the underlying condition existed at the FS date. Practice applying this test to every example you see.
  • Writing 'disclose or adjust' without specifying which. In exam answers, be precise: adjusting events → amend the financial statements; non-adjusting events → disclose in notes only. Vague answers lose marks.
  • Forgetting the escalation path when management refuses. Students stop at 'auditor modifies the report.' The full path is: discuss with management → notify TCWG → steps to prevent reliance (e.g., regulatory reporting). Write all three steps for full marks on 8-mark questions.
  • Ignoring the 'dual-dating' option. When only one specific subsequent event needs reflecting and management amends only for that event, the auditor can dual-date the report (e.g., '20 May 2025, except for Note X, 18 June 2025'). Many students don't mention this option and lose easy marks.
📖 Reference: SA 560 — Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
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