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Past papers/ FM + SM/ September 2025
Paper 30 Qs
Question Paper · September 2025

CA Inter FM + SM

This page contains all 30 questions from the CA Inter Financial Management & Strategic Management Question Paper for the September 2025 attempt cycle, sourced from CA Exams, CATS.

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Q.c 05 marks medium Capital Budgeting, NPV Analysis ⚡ Try this Q →
Global Beverage Corporation is considering replacing one of its molding machines with a newer and more efficient model. The existing machine was purchased five years ago for ₹ 16,00,000 and has a total useful life of five years. Currently, the company can sell this machine for ₹ 9,60,000. The new machine costs ₹ 32,00,000 having an estimated salvage value of ₹ 3,20,000 and a useful life of five years. With the new machine, annual contribution margin is projected to increase from ₹ 16,00,000 to ₹ 18,40,000 and operating efficiencies are expected to yield further annual savings of ₹ 3,20,000. Depreciation is calculated on straight-line method over the machine's five-year life. The company's cost of capital is 12% and corporate tax rate is 35%. You are required to calculate the Net Present Value of new machine. Given: PVIFA₁₂,₅ is 3.605 and PVF₁₂,₅ is 0.567
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Worked Solution

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Net Present Value (NPV) Analysis — Machine Replacement Decision

Step 1: Net Initial Investment (Cash Outflow at Year 0)

The existing machine was purchased 5 years ago for ₹16,00,000 with a total useful life of 5 years. Under the Straight-Line Method (SLM), it is now fully depreciated; its book value = ₹0.

Sale proceeds from old machine = ₹9,60,000. Since book value is ₹0, the entire ₹9,60,000 is a taxable capital gain.

Tax on gain = 35% × ₹9,60,000 = ₹3,36,000

Net realisation from old machine = ₹9,60,000 − ₹3,36,000 = ₹6,24,000

Net Initial Investment = Cost of new machine − Net realisation
= ₹32,00,000 − ₹6,24,000 = ₹25,76,000

Step 2: Incremental Annual Operating Cash Flows (Years 1–5)

Depreciation on new machine (SLM) = (₹32,00,000 − ₹3,20,000) ÷ 5 = ₹28,80,000 ÷ 5 = ₹5,76,000 p.a.
Depreciation on old machine = ₹0 (fully depreciated)
Incremental depreciation = ₹5,76,000

Incremental contribution margin = ₹18,40,000 − ₹16,00,000 = ₹2,40,000
Annual operating savings = ₹3,20,000
Total incremental pre-tax benefit (before depreciation) = ₹5,60,000

Incremental taxable income = ₹5,60,000 − ₹5,76,000 = −₹16,000 (loss → tax shield)
Tax effect = 35% × (−₹16,000) = −₹5,600 (saving)
Incremental PAT = −₹16,000 + ₹5,600 = −₹10,400

Annual incremental Operating Cash Flow (OCF) = PAT + Depreciation
= −₹10,400 + ₹5,76,000 = ₹5,65,600

Step 3: Terminal Cash Flow (Year 5)

Salvage value of new machine = ₹3,20,000 = book value at end of year 5 (no capital gain/loss)
Terminal cash flow = ₹3,20,000

Step 4: NPV Calculation

NPV = −Initial Investment + (Annual OCF × PVIFA₁₂%,₅) + (Terminal Value × PVF₁₂%,₅)
= −₹25,76,000 + (₹5,65,600 × 3.605) + (₹3,20,000 × 0.567)
= −₹25,76,000 + ₹20,38,988 + ₹1,81,440
= −₹3,55,572

Conclusion: The NPV of replacing the machine is negative (−₹3,55,572). Based on NPV criterion, Global Beverage Corporation should not replace the existing molding machine, as the investment destroys value at the 12% cost of capital.

Straight-Line Method of Depreciation under Companies Act 2013 / Income Tax Act 1961 (for depreciation calculation basis)Capital Budgeting — NPV Method (ICAI Study Material, Paper 6: Financial Management)
PLAN

Write it like this

Time target 9 min

1The skeleton

- Lead with Net Initial Investment — write this as a labeled heading before any number, because examiners award 1 mark just for correctly structuring the Year-0 outflow block; don't bury it mid-para.
- Flag the zero book value explicitly — state 'old machine is fully depreciated (5 years life, 5 years old), so BV = ₹0' before computing tax on sale proceeds; this one line justifies why the entire ₹9,60,000 is taxable and saves you from a carry-forward error.
- Build Incremental OCF as a mini P&L — show Incremental Contribution + Savings → minus Incremental Depreciation → Taxable Income → Tax → PAT → add back Depreciation → OCF; this step-by-step layout earns partial marks even if your final number is off.
- Call out the tax shield on the loss — when incremental taxable income is negative (−₹16,000 here), explicitly write 'tax saving = 35% × loss' so the examiner sees you understand the shield, not just copy-pasted a formula.
- NPV line must show the formula then substitute — write NPV = −Initial Investment + (OCF × PVIFA) + (TV × PVF) first, then plug numbers; skipping the formula and going straight to arithmetic drops a presentation mark.
- Close with a one-line decision — 'Since NPV is negative, the replacement should not be undertaken' signals you know what NPV means and picks up the conclusion mark with zero extra effort.

2Examiner-rewarded phrases

“Net Initial Investment = Cost of new machine − Net realisation from old machine”“Incremental Cash Flow After Tax (CFAT) = Incremental PAT + Incremental Depreciation”“Since the NPV is negative, the replacement proposal should not be accepted”

3Common trap

Don't fall for this

Almost everyone forgets to tax the sale proceeds of the old machine — they subtract ₹9,60,000 directly from ₹32,00,000 without checking book value first. The moment you see a machine at the end of its useful life, your first move should be 'BV = 0, so the full sale price is a capital gain'; missing this cascades into a wrong initial investment and kills 2–3 marks downstream.

Q.1(a) 05 marks medium Cost of Capital, Gordon's Growth Model, Capital Structure, W ⚡ Try this Q →
The capital structure of RSA Limited is as under: Equity Shares (₹ 10 per share): ₹1,00,00,000 8% Irredeemable Preference Shares (₹ 100 per share): ₹50,00,000 Additional Information: (i) Equity shares are quoted at ₹ 60 each and a new issue priced at ₹ 58 per share. (ii) Issue price of the 8% Irredeemable preference shares was ₹ 45. (iii) Current market price of the 8% irredeemable preference shares is ₹ 55. Also, Limited has been paying dividend to its equity shareholders at a constant growth rate of 5% per year and the dividend paid this year was ₹ 2 per share. You are required to calculate: (i) The cost of equity using Gordon's model (ii) The cost of the irredeemable preference share (iii) The weighted average cost of capital using value weights.
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Q.1(a) 05 marks medium Cost of Capital, Gordon's Growth Model ⚡ Try this Q →
The capital structure of RSA Limited is as under: Equity Shares (₹ 10 per share): ₹1,00,00,000; 8% Irredeemable Preference Shares (₹ 100 per share): ₹5,00,00,000. Additional Information: Equity shares are quoted at ₹ 60 each and a new issue priced at ₹ 65 per share. Issue price of the 8% Irredeemable preference shares was ₹ 45. Current market price of the 8% Irredeemable preference shares is ₹ 55. RSA Limited has been paying dividend to its equity shareholders at a constant growth rate of 5% per year and the dividend paid this year was ₹ 2 per share. You are required to calculate: (i) The cost of equity using Gordon's model (ii) The cost of the irredeemable preference share (iii) The weighted average cost of capital using book value weights.
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Q.1(b) 06 marks medium Financial Analysis, Profitability Ratios, Turnover Ratio, Re ⚡ Try this Q →
Divan Limited has outlined in financial projections for the fiscal year 2023-24. The company plans to utilize total assets amounting to ₹ 50,00,000, with 35% of assets financed through debt at interest rate of 10.50% per annum. Projected sales revenue is ₹ 55,00,000. Direct costs are estimated at ₹ 3,00,000 and other operating expenses are estimated at ₹ 40,000. The applicable tax rate is 53%. You are required to calculate: (i) Profit After Tax (PAT) (ii) Net profit margin (After tax) (iii) Return on Assets (After tax) (iv) Asset turnover ratio (v) Return on Equity
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Q.1(b) 06 marks medium Financial Analysis, Profitability Ratios, Return on Assets, ⚡ Try this Q →
Deven Limited has outlined in financial projections for the fiscal year 2023-24. The company plans to utilize total assets amounting to ₹ 50,00,000, with 35% of assets financed through debt at interest rate of 10.50% per annum. Projected sales revenue is ₹ 55,00,000. Direct costs are estimated at ₹ 30,00,000 and other operating expenses are estimated at ₹ 4,80,000. The applicable tax rate is 35%. You are required to calculate: (i) Profit After Tax (PAT) (ii) Net profit margin (After tax) (iii) Return on Assets (After tax) (iv) Asset turnover ratio (v) Return on Equity
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Q.1(c) 05 marks medium Capital budgeting, NPV analysis, machine replacement ⚡ Try this Q →
Global Beverage Corporation is considering replacing one of its machines with a newer and more efficient model. The existing machine was purchased five years ago for ₹ 16,00,000 and has a total useful life of ten years. Currently, the company can sell the old machine for ₹ 9,60,000. The new machine costs ₹ 32,00,000 having an estimated salvage value of ₹ 3,20,000 and a useful life of five years. With the new machine, annual contribution margin is projected to increase from ₹ 16,00,000 to ₹ 18,40,000 and operating efficiency are expected to yield further annual savings of ₹ 3,20,000. Depreciation is calculated on straight-line method over the machine's five-year life. The company's cost of capital is 12% and corporate tax rate is 35%. You are required to calculate the Net Present Value of new machine. Given: PVIF₈,₁₂ = 0.605 and PVIF₈,₁₂.₅ = 0.567
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Q.2 07 marks hard Capital Structure, Financial Analysis ⚡ Try this Q →
M/s KRY Limited is a mid-sized company engaged in manufacturing and sales of Industrial equipment. The capital structure of the company is as under: Equity Share Capital (12,500 Shares of ₹100 each) ₹ 12,50,000; 6% Debentures ₹ 50,00,000; 8% Bank Loan (amount to be determined); Total Sales ₹ 75,00,000; P/V Ratio 40%; Operating Leverage 2.4; Combined Leverage 3.84; Corporate Tax Rate 30%; P/E Ratio 8. You are required to calculate: (i) Earnings Before Interest and Tax (ii) Fixed Cost excluding interest (iii) Amount of Bank Loan and Bank Interest (iv) Earnings Per Share (v) Market Price Per Share
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Q.2(a) 03 marks medium Capital structure, leverage analysis, financial metrics ⚡ Try this Q →
M/s KRY Limited is a mid-sized company engaged in manufacturing and sales of industrial equipment. The capital structure of the company is under: Equity Share Capital (12,500 Shares of ₹100 each) ₹ 12,50,000; 6% Debentures ₹ 50,00,000; 8% Bank Loan XXXXX. Other information are as under: Total Sales ₹ 75,00,000; P/V Ratio 40%; Operating Leverage 2.4; Combined Leverage 3.84; Corporate Tax Rate 30%; P/E Ratio 8. You are required to calculate: (i) Earnings Before Interest and Tax, (ii) Fixed Cost excluding interest, (iii) Amount of Bank Loan and Bank Interest, (iv) Earnings Per Share, (v) Market Price Per Share
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Q.2(b) 06 marks medium Dividend policy, Gordon's Model, capital structure ⚡ Try this Q →
Saravasti Ltd. has started its business a year back with a paid-up equity capital of ₹ 50,00,000. The other details are as under: Earnings of company ₹ 5,00,000; Market price per share using Gordon's Model ₹ 159.09; Cost of Capital 8%; Internal rate of return on investment 12%; Number of shares 50,000. You are required to: (i) Calculate the Dividend paid per share using Gordon's Model, (ii) What will be the optimum dividend pay-out ratio according to Gordon's Model when r = be?
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Q.2b 03 marks medium Dividend Policy, Gordon's Model ⚡ Try this Q →
Sarswati Ltd. has started its business a year back with a paid-up equity capital of ₹ 50,00,000. The other details are as under: Earnings of company ₹ 5,00,000; Market price per share using Gordon's Model ₹ 159.99; Cost of Capital 8%; Internal rate of return on investment 12%; Number of shares 50,000. You are required to: (i) Calculate the Dividend paid per share using Gordon's Model. (ii) What will be the optimum dividend pay-out ratio according to Gordon's Model when t = b₁²
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Q.3(a) 07 marks hard Cost of capital, capital structure, financing options ⚡ Try this Q →
AVS Limited is planning to diversify in cotton manufacturing business. The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) intends to raise fund of ₹ 22,00,000 for this project. The current estimates of Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) from this project is ₹ 8,00,000. The company's share is currently selling at ₹ 120 and is expected to decline to ₹ 110, in case the funds are borrowed more than ₹ 10,00,000. If it is listed that the cost of debt will be 14% up to ₹ 6,00,000, 16% for additional amount of ₹ 2,00,000 above ₹ 8,00,000. The tax rate applicable to the company is 30%. The following options are in consideration of the company
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Q.3a 07 marks hard Capital Structure, Cost of Debt, Financial Planning ⚡ Try this Q →
AVS Limited is planning to diversify in cotton manufacturing business. The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) intends to raise fund of ₹ 2,20,000 for this project. The current estimates of Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) from the new business would be ₹ 40,000 per annum. The company's share is currently selling at ₹ 120 and is expected to decline to ₹ 110, in case the funds are borrowed more than ₹ 10,00,000. It is listed that the cost of debt will be 14% up to ₹ 6,00,000, 16% for additional amount above ₹ 8,00,000 and 18% for additional amount above ₹ 10,00,000. The tax rate applicable to the company is 30%. The following options are in consideration of the company.
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Q.3a 00 marks easy Capital Structure and EPS Analysis ⚡ Try this Q →
Case: Option I: Debt 60%, Equity 40%; Option II: Debt 50%, Equity 50%; Option III: Debt 40%, Equity 60%
Considering the objective of maximizing Earning Per Share (EPS), which option of financing should the company choose?
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Q.3b 03 marks medium Debenture Valuation and Cost of Debt ⚡ Try this Q →
A company issues 20,000, 18% Debentures of ₹ 100 each. The debentures are redeemable after a period of 5 years. The cost of debentures using approximation method is 14.38%. The corporate tax rate is 30%. You are required to calculate:
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Q.4a 04 marks medium Capital Structure - Stock Splits ⚡ Try this Q →
Discuss any 2 advantages and limitations of Stock Splits.
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Q.4b 04 marks medium Debt Instruments and Bonds ⚡ Try this Q →
Explain in brief the following types of bonds: (i) Callable Bonds (ii) Puttable Bonds (iii) Masala Bonds (iv) Drop Lock Bonds
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Q.4c 02 marks easy Financial Management Functions ⚡ Try this Q →
Explain the basic functions of Financial Management.
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Q.4c_alternative 02 marks easy Financial Management Objectives ⚡ Try this Q →
Explain any two limitations of profit maximization objective of Financial Management.
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Q.5 05 marks hard Strategic management process ⚡ Try this Q →
XYZ Ltd. recently formulated an international expansion strategy and implemented the new market expansion strategy with the due increasing in presence in international markets. However, six months into the implementation, sales figures are not meeting projections, despite adequate resources, undesirable tendencies of the workers, non-conformance to norms and standards and unforeseen regulatory challenges have emerged. Additionally, competitive activity has intensified, affecting market share. As a strategic decision-maker, using the strategic management process would you perform? What specific elements of that function would you implement to overcome these issues and ensure planned template into successful achievement of goals and results?
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Q.5a 05 marks hard Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage ⚡ Try this Q →
Case: ARP Motors, an automobile company, was struggling in the competitive SUV market in India. As a business manager, you recommended that ARP launch a compact SUV that balances affordability with premium features. In response, ARP developed and introduced FLEXON, strategically pricing it and incorporating high-end features such as a 5-star Global NCAP safety rating, a modern design, and an advanced technology. Furthermore, the company expanded into the electric vehicle segment with FLEXON EV, positioning it as one of the most affordable yet feature-rich electric SUVs in India.
Which strategy did you recommend to ARP Motors to achieve a competitive advantage? Explain the strategy briefly and enumerate the key ways ARP Motors implemented it.
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Q.5b 05 marks hard Capital Budgeting and Investment Decisions ⚡ Try this Q →
You are the CFO of a multinational corporation that has been facing declining profitability in one of its business units for the past three years. It has been struggling with negative cash flows and intense competition. Significant investment would be needed for technological upgrades. You are not interested in investing in restructuring and revitalizing. A more promising investment opportunity is available elsewhere. As CFO, what step would you take in response to this situation? How would you justify your decision?
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Q.5c 05 marks hard Strategic Management, Planning ⚡ Try this Q →
XYZ Ltd recently formulated an international expansion strategy and implemented the new market expansion strategy with the main focus increasing presence in international markets. However, six months into the implementation, sales figures are not meeting projections, increasing shortage of resources, undesirable tendencies of the workers, non-conformance to norms and standards and unforeseen regulatory challenges have emerged. Additionally, competitive activity has intensified, affecting market share. As a strategic decision-maker, what role you assume in this strategic management process would you perform? What specific elements of that function would you implement to overcome these issues and translate objectives into successful achievement of goals and results?
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Q.6a 05 marks medium Vision and Mission ⚡ Try this Q →
A well-defined vision and mission statement provide direction and purpose to an organization. Explain the significance of vision and mission in strategic planning.
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Q.6b 05 marks medium Learning Curve/Worker Efficiency ⚡ Try this Q →
Which concept explains the efficiency increase gained by worker performing repetitive production work, leading to cost reduction and through competitive advantage? List down its relevance features in strategic management.
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Q.7a 05 marks medium SWOT Analysis ⚡ Try this Q →
The primary objective of SWOT analysis is to help organizations develop a full awareness of all factor involved in making a business mission-critical. In the light of the above statement, explain why it is necessary to do SWOT analysis for business organization before using the strategy.
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Q.7b 05 marks medium Mergers and Acquisitions ⚡ Try this Q →
In a dynamic business environment, merger serves as a critical tool for companies seeking expansion, synergy creation and competitive advantage. Discuss the concept of mergers, classifications and their impact on business performance.
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Q.8 05 marks medium Organizational structure ⚡ Try this Q →
Write a short note on the bourgeois organizational structure.
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Q.8a 05 marks medium Business Environment ⚡ Try this Q →
A close and continuous interaction between a business and its environment helps in strengthening the business firm and using its resources more effectively. Explain business-environment and discuss how does the interaction between a business and its environment helps the business firm.
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Q.8b 05 marks medium Strategy Formulation and Implementation ⚡ Try this Q →
Many managers fail to distinguish between strategy formulation and strategy implementation. Yet, it is crucial to realize the difference between the two because they both require very different skills. On the basis of this statement, outline the key distinctions between strategy formulation and strategy implementation.
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Q.8b_alt 05 marks medium Organizational Structure ⚡ Try this Q →
Write a short note on the bourgeois organizational structure.
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