# E-Voting (Voting Through Electronic Means) — Section 108
## Meaning
E-voting allows members to cast their votes electronically on resolutions at general meetings, including from a remote location before/during the meeting.
## Applicability
Mandatory e-voting facility must be provided by:
1. Every listed company (equity shares listed on a recognized stock exchange), AND
2. Every company with 1,000 or more members.
## Exceptions — E-Voting NOT Required
- Nidhi companies, OR
- Enterprises/institutional investors as per SEBI (ICDR) Regulations
## Important Definitions
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Cut-off Date | A date not earlier than 7 days before the general meeting; determines voting eligibility |
| Electronic Voting System | Secure, system-based process to display ballots, record/count votes, and store results on a secure central server |
| Cyber Security | Protection of information & systems from unauthorized access, disruption, or destruction |
| Remote E-Voting | E-voting from anywhere, outside the meeting venue, before the meeting |
| Secured System | Protected from unauthorized access; reliable; suited to function; adheres to accepted security procedures |
## Types of Electronic Voting
1. Remote e-voting — Before the meeting from any location
2. E-voting at the meeting — Using the same electronic system
## Key Principle
- A member who has voted via remote e-voting cannot vote again at the meeting.
- However, such member may still attend the meeting.
## Why E-Voting Matters
- Increases shareholder participation, especially for geographically dispersed members
- Ensures transparency, accuracy, and audit trail of voting