# Powers and Functionaries [Sections 14 to 19]
## Power Conferred to be Exercisable
If any power is conferred by statute, that power can be exercised whenever required — not just once.
## Power to Appoint Includes Power to Appoint Ex-Officio
If the power to appoint a person is conferred, appointment may be made:
- By name, OR
- By virtue of office (ex-officio)
## Power to Appoint Includes Power to Suspend/Dismiss
The authority having the power to make appointments automatically has the power to:
- Suspend, or
- Dismiss
any person appointed by itself or by another authority.
## Official Chiefs and Subordinates
If law applies to the chief/superior of an office:
→ It also applies to deputies/subordinates performing duties in place of the superior.
## Substitution of Functionaries
To indicate application of law to a person executing the functions of an office, it is sufficient to mention:
- The official title of the officer executing the functions, OR
- The officer who commonly executes such functions
## Successors
To indicate application of law to successors of functionaries or corporations having perpetual succession, it is sufficient to express application to the functionaries/corporations themselves.