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Microlesson · 5-min read

Debentures as a Source of Finance

## Debentures

### Definition

Debt instruments issued by companies to raise long-term funds from public or through private placement. Repayable after a fixed period at a fixed interest rate.

### Key Features

FeatureDetail
Interest-bearingFixed interest paid regardless of profits; tax-deductible
MaturityGenerally 3–10 years (extendable for high gestation projects)
SecuritySecured (mortgage on assets) or unsecured (naked/simple)
Credit ratingMandatory from CRISIL, ICRA, CARE before public issue
TradabilityMay be listed; freely transferable if listed

### Types of Debentures

A. By Convertibility:

TypeFeature
Non-Convertible (NCD)Repaid fully in cash at maturity
Fully Convertible (FCD)Entire value converts into equity at pre-defined terms
Partly Convertible (PCD)Split: one part converts to equity, rest repaid in cash

B. Other Types:

TypeFeature
BearerTransferable like negotiable instruments; interest to holder
RegisteredInterest paid only to registered holder
MortgageSecured by charge on company assets
Naked/SimpleUnsecured; no charge on assets
RedeemableRepaid after fixed period
Non-RedeemableNot repayable during company's lifetime (rare today)

### Advantages

1. Lower cost — interest is tax-deductible → effective cost less than equity

2. No dilution of ownership — debenture holders have no voting rights

### Disadvantages

1. Mandatory interest — must be paid even in loss years → financial risk

2. Security requirement — secured debentures create a charge on assets

3. Credit rating burden — involves cost and scrutiny

Worked example

### Example 1

Example: Company issues 10% debentures worth ₹10 lakh. Tax rate = 30%. Interest paid = ₹1 lakh. Tax saved = ₹30,000. Net cost of debt = ₹70,000 (7%). Compare with 10% preference shares where full ₹1 lakh dividend has no tax saving — illustrating the tax advantage of debentures.

### Example 2

Example: A company issues partly convertible debentures (PCDs) of ₹1,000. After 3 years, ₹600 worth converts to equity shares at pre-agreed price; ₹400 is repaid in cash. This gives flexibility to both investor and company — the investor gets equity upside while the company reduces cash repayment obligation.

⚠️ Common exam mistakes

  • Saying debenture interest is an appropriation of profit — it is a CHARGE against profit (paid before tax), unlike dividend which is an appropriation.
  • Confusing secured vs convertible debentures — security (mortgage/naked) and convertibility (NCD/FCD/PCD) are two separate classification axes.
  • Saying non-redeemable debentures are common — they are legally restricted and rare today.
Reference:
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