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Microlesson · 5-min read

Simultaneous Equation Method (Reciprocal)

# Simultaneous Equation Method

Another reciprocal-service method. Instead of iterating, we set up algebraic equations to find the grossed-up (final) cost of each service department, then apportion that final cost to production departments.

## Procedure

1. Let x = final total cost of Service Dept-1 and y = final total cost of Service Dept-2 (after receiving share from the other).

2. Write two simultaneous equations:

  • x = (primary cost of S₁) + (share received from S₂)
  • y = (primary cost of S₂) + (share received from S₁)

3. Solve the equations to find x and y.

4. Apportion x and y to production departments in the given ratio.

## When to Prefer This Method

  • Exam questions with only 2 service departments with reciprocal service — fastest and cleanest.
  • Eliminates iteration arithmetic errors of the Repeated Distribution method.

Worked example

### Example 1

Example — Simultaneous Equation:

Primary totals: S₁ = ₹30,000; S₂ = ₹20,000.

Apportionment ratios:

  • S₁ → P₁ : P₂ : S₂ = 4 : 3 : 3 (so S₂ gets 30% of S₁)
  • S₂ → P₁ : P₂ : S₁ = 3 : 4 : 3 (so S₁ gets 30% of S₂)

Let x = total S₁, y = total S₂.

Equations:

  • x = 30,000 + 0.30y
  • y = 20,000 + 0.30x

Substituting:

  • x = 30,000 + 0.30(20,000 + 0.30x)
  • x = 30,000 + 6,000 + 0.09x
  • 0.91x = 36,000
  • x = ₹39,560 (approx)
  • y = 20,000 + 0.30 × 39,560 = 20,000 + 11,868 = ₹31,868

Apportion to production:

  • P₁ from S₁ = 39,560 × 4/10 = ₹15,824
  • P₂ from S₁ = 39,560 × 3/10 = ₹11,868
  • P₁ from S₂ = 31,868 × 3/10 = ₹9,560
  • P₂ from S₂ = 31,868 × 4/10 = ₹12,747

⚠️ Common exam mistakes

  • Forgetting to deduct the self-share from the apportionment ratio when computing the share of S₂ in S₁'s total (or vice-versa).
  • Solving wrong equations — always express the final cost on the LHS, including the inflow from the other service dept.
  • Using the gross-up amounts incorrectly — only the production departments' shares feed into final overhead totals; the service-to-service flows cancel out in net terms.
Reference:
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