Worked Solution
✓ VerifiedEffective Capital as per Schedule V of the Companies Act, 2013
Relevant Provision: Part II, Section II of Schedule V to the Companies Act, 2013 defines Effective Capital as the aggregate of:
- Paid-up share capital (excluding share application money or advances against shares)
- Share Premium Account
- Reserves and Surplus (excluding revaluation reserve)
- Long-term loans and deposits repayable after one year (excluding working capital loans, overdrafts, bank guarantees, and other short-term arrangements)
Less: Aggregate of investments (except for investment companies), accumulated losses not written off, and preliminary expenses not written off.
Computation of Effective Capital — Prabhat Ltd. (Non-Investment Company)
| Particulars | ₹ | ₹ |
|---|---|---|
| Paid-up Share Capital | ||
| Preference Share Capital | 30,00,000 | |
| Equity Share Capital | 1,92,00,000 | |
| Share Suspense Account | Nil | |
| Sub-total | 2,22,00,000 | |
| Securities Premium Account | 1,00,000 | |
| Capital Reserves | 3,90,000 | |
| Long-term Borrowings | ||
| Debentures | 1,30,00,000 | |
| Public Deposits | 7,40,000 | |
| Sub-total | 1,37,40,000 | |
| Gross Total (A) | 3,64,30,000 | |
| Less: | ||
| Investments | 1,50,00,000 | |
| Accumulated Losses (P&L Dr. balance) | 30,50,000 | |
| Total Deductions (B) | (1,80,50,000) | |
| Effective Capital (A – B) | ₹1,83,80,000 |
Notes on items excluded:
1. Share Suspense Account (₹40,00,000): Schedule V explicitly excludes share application money from paid-up share capital. Since the share suspense represents application money pending allotment, it is excluded.
2. Trade Payables (₹6,90,000): Current liability — not a long-term fund; excluded.
3. Cash Credit (₹9,30,000): Working capital arrangement — specifically excluded by Schedule V.
If Prabhat Ltd. were an Investment Company:
For an investment company (as defined under Section 186(1)(a) of the Companies Act, 2013 — a company whose principal business is acquisition of shares, debentures or other securities), investments are NOT deducted while computing effective capital.
Effective Capital (Investment Company):
Gross Total ₹3,64,30,000 Less: Accumulated Losses ₹30,50,000 = ₹3,33,80,000
Yes, the answer differs. For a non-investment company, effective capital is ₹1,83,80,000, whereas for an investment company it is ₹3,33,80,000 (higher by ₹1,50,00,000 — the amount of investments not deducted).
Write it like this
1The skeleton
- Lead with the Schedule V definition in one crisp line — examiners are scanning for 'Effective Capital = paid-up share capital + share premium + reserves + long-term borrowings − investments − accumulated losses' upfront; don't make them hunt for it.
- Build a two-column table with a clear Gross Total (A) and Deductions (B) row — the structured A minus B format signals you know the formula cold and makes awarding part-marks trivial for the examiner.
- Call out Share Suspense explicitly as Nil with a one-line reason — this is the planted trap in the question; if you skip it, the examiner assumes you missed it and cuts marks even if your final number is right.
- Exclude Trade Payables and Cash Credit with brief labels — don't just ignore them silently; one-word tags like 'current liability' and 'working capital arrangement — excluded' show you applied the filter consciously.
- Close with the investment company comparison as a separate headed paragraph — state the definition of investment company, recompute Gross Total minus only accumulated losses, and end with a one-line 'Yes, answer differs by ₹1,50,00,000' so the examiner doesn't have to calculate the difference themselves.
2Examiner-rewarded phrases
3Common trap
Most students include Share Suspense in paid-up capital and lose 1.5 marks instantly — Schedule V draws a hard line between allotted shares and application money pending allotment, and this question is literally designed to test that distinction. Also, don't forget that for an investment company the investments line simply disappears from deductions — mixing this up with 'investments are added back' will flip your final figure wrongly.