# Alteration of MOA - Section 13
The MOA has six clauses; alterations are governed by Section 13. Three commonly tested clauses are Name, Situation, and Object.
## 1. Change of Name Clause
| Step | Requirement |
|---|---|
| 1 | Board Resolution |
| 2 | Special Resolution |
| 3 | Name approval via RUN (Reserve Unique Name) facility |
| 4 | File required forms with ROC within 60 days |
| 5 | Obtain fresh COI |
> Exception: No CG approval is required for the mere addition or deletion of the words 'Private' / 'Limited' (e.g., when converting from Pvt → Public or vice versa).
## 2. Change of Situation Clause (Registered Office from One State to Another)
| Step | Requirement |
|---|---|
| 1 | BR + SR |
| 2 | Application to Central Government |
| 3 | CG to issue approval certificate within 60 days (considers interests of creditors, debenture holders etc.) |
| 4 | Intimate ROC in prescribed manner with approval certificate within 30 days (Form INC-22) |
| 5 | Obtain fresh COI |
> Special Notes:
> - State Government cannot impose restrictions on the change.
> - Employees have a right to oppose (their livelihood may be affected).
## 3. Change of Object Clause
| Step | Requirement |
|---|---|
| 1 | Board Resolution |
| 2 | Special Resolution |
| 3 | Application to Central Government |
| 4 | File required forms with ROC within 30 days |
> Crucial Protection: A dissenting minority shareholder must be given an exit route — meaning, if money raised from public via prospectus is unutilised and the object is being altered, dissenting shareholders should be allowed to exit at a fair value.
## Side-by-Side Comparison
| Aspect | Name | Situation (State to State) | Object |
|---|---|---|---|
| BR | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| SR | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| CG Approval | Usually No (only for some cases) | Yes | Yes |
| RUN | Yes | No | No |
| ROC Filing | 60 days | 30 days | 30 days |
| Fresh COI | Yes | Yes | (Effective on ROC registration) |
## Memory Trick
- Name → RUN + 60 days
- Situation → CG + creditors + employees can oppose
- Object → CG + exit route for dissenting minority