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Microlesson · 5-min read

Coverage Ratios

# Coverage Ratios

Coverage ratios measure the margin of safety that a firm has in meeting its fixed financial obligations — interest on debt, principal repayments, preference dividends and equity dividends. The higher the coverage, the safer the obligation.

## 1. Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR)

$$\text{DSCR} = \frac{\text{Earnings for Debt Service}}{\text{Interest} + \text{Instalment}} = \frac{\text{PAT} + \text{Interest} + \text{Non-cash/Non-operating exp}}{\text{Interest} + \text{Instalment}}$$

Earnings for Debt Service:

Net Profit After TaxXXX
(+) Interest on Debt FundsXXX
(+) Non-Cash Operating Expenses (depreciation, amortisation)XXX
(+) Non-Operating items (e.g. Loss on Sale of Fixed Assets)XXX
= Earnings for Debt ServiceXXX

Denominator = Interest + Principal Instalment of the loan.

Measured in times. Banks typically expect DSCR ≥ 1.5×–2×.

## 2. Interest Coverage Ratio (ICR)

$$\text{Interest Coverage Ratio} = \frac{\text{EBIT}}{\text{Interest}}$$

Shows how many times operating earnings cover interest expense. Also called Times Interest Earned.

## 3. Preference Dividend Coverage Ratio

$$\text{Preference Dividend Coverage} = \frac{\text{EAT}}{\text{Preference Dividend}}$$

## 4. Equity Dividend Coverage Ratio

$$\text{Equity Dividend Coverage} = \frac{\text{EAES (Earnings available for Equity Shareholders)}}{\text{Equity Dividend}}$$

Where EAES = PAT − Preference Dividend.

## 5. Overall Dividend Coverage Ratio

$$\text{Dividend Coverage} = \frac{\text{EAT}}{\text{Equity Dividend} + \text{Preference Dividend}}$$

## Quick Mental Map

  • ICR → numerator EBIT (pre-tax, pre-interest)
  • DSCR → numerator PAT + Interest + Depreciation (cash-basis view)
  • Pref Div Coverage → numerator EAT (after tax, before pref div)
  • Equity Div Coverage → numerator EAES (after both tax and pref div)

Always match the numerator to what is left available for the obligation being covered.

Worked example

### Example 1

Example (DSCR):

PAT = ₹480 L; Depreciation = ₹155 L; Tax = ₹125 L; Interest = ₹162 L; Instalment = ₹178 L.

Earnings for Debt Service = 480 + 162 + 155 = ₹797 L (depreciation added back as non-cash).

DSCR = 797 / (162 + 178) = 797 / 340 = 2.34 times.

Interest Coverage Ratio = EBIT / Interest. EBIT = PAT + Tax + Interest = 480 + 125 + 162 = ₹767 L.

ICR = 767 / 162 = 4.73 times.

### Example 2

Example (Preference Dividend Coverage): EAT = ₹10,00,000; Preference Dividend payable = ₹2,00,000.

Pref Div Coverage = 10,00,000 / 2,00,000 = 5 times. Earnings cover preference dividends five times over.

⚠️ Common exam mistakes

  • Using EBIT instead of EAT for preference dividend coverage — preference dividend is paid out of post-tax profits.
  • Forgetting to add back depreciation and other non-cash items to PAT when computing DSCR.
  • Including only interest in the denominator of DSCR — the principal instalment must also be added.
  • Using EAT (without removing preference dividend) for Equity Dividend Coverage. The numerator should be earnings AVAILABLE to equity shareholders = EAT − Preference Dividend.
Reference:
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