# Voting Through Electronic Means [Section 108]
## Companies Required to Provide E-Voting
The following must provide their members the facility to vote by electronic means:
1. Companies which have listed equity shares on a recognized stock exchange (RSE), OR
2. Companies with not less than 1,000 members.
### Important Carve-outs
- Nidhi Companies — NOT required to provide e-voting facility.
- A resolution proposed to be passed via e-voting CANNOT be withdrawn.
- Companies covered under Sec. 108 may transact business that is otherwise mandatorily by postal ballot at a general meeting through the e-voting mechanism.
## Notice of Meeting
Notice must be sent to all members, auditors and directors by:
- Registered post
- Speed post
- Courier, or
- Electronic means
### Contents of the Notice
The notice must state:
| Topic | What must be stated |
|---|---|
| Facility | That the company is providing voting by electronic means |
| Manner | Process and manner for voting by electronic means |
| At-meeting voting | That facility for voting at the meeting will also be made available for members who haven't cast votes via remote e-voting |
| Timing | Time period during which votes may be cast by remote e-voting |
| Attendance | Members who voted by remote e-voting may attend the meeting (but cannot appoint a proxy and cannot vote again) — they ARE counted for quorum |
| Login | Login ID details and process for receiving password and casting vote |
### Website Placement
Notice must also be placed on the websites of the company and the e-voting agency after sending to members.
## Advertisement of E-Voting
- Published at least 21 days before the meeting in 1 English + 1 vernacular newspaper.
- Must state all matters in the notice plus the following additional matters:
- Cut-off date — within 7 days before the meeting — to determine members eligible to vote.
- Statement that the person whose name appears in the register of members (or beneficial owner) as on the cut-off date can avail of both remote e-voting and voting at the general meeting.
- Website of company and agency where notice is displayed.
- Name, designation, address, e-mail ID and phone number of the grievance officer for e-voting.
## Key Memory Hook
"Listed equity OR 1,000+ members → must offer e-voting. Once a resolution is launched into e-voting, there's no take-back; once a member votes remotely, they can attend but not re-vote."