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Microlesson · 5-min read

Remedies for Misrepresentation in Prospectus (Overview)

# Remedies for Misrepresentation in the Prospectus

When a prospectus contains misleading statements or omissions, two categories of remedies arise:

## A. Remedies AGAINST the Company

### 1. Rescind the Contract

The allottee may set aside (rescind) the allotment contract with the company.

### 2. Application to Court

A person who took shares on the faith of a false prospectus may apply to the Court to:

  • Have the contract set aside; and
  • Have his name struck off from the register of members.

### 3. Claim Money Back

He may claim his subscription money back.

### 4. Sue for Damages (Deceit)

The allottee may sue the company for damages for deceit.

## Important Conditions / Loss of Right to Rescind

The allottee must act within a reasonable time and before winding up proceedings have commenced.

He loses the right to rescind if he:

  • Attempts to sell the shares; or
  • Attends a general meeting of the company; or
  • Receives dividends.

## Right is Limited to Subscribers (Direct Allottees)

This right is available only to persons who subscribed to the shares — i.e., acquired shares directly from the company by allotment.

> A subsequent purchaser of shares from the open market has no remedy against the company, directors, or promoters under this head.

## B. Remedies AGAINST Directors / Promoters / Experts

Type of LiabilitySection
Criminal Liability for mis-statementSection 34
Civil Liability for mis-statementSection 35

### Comparative Snapshot

FeatureCriminal Liability (S.34)Civil Liability (S.35)
Essential conditionMens rea (guilty mind)Loss or damage
Procedural lawCriminal Procedure Code, 1973Civil Procedure Code, 1908
Nature of offenceAgainst the StateAgainst the counterparty

Worked example

### Example 1

Example 1: Mr. R subscribed to 1,000 shares of M Ltd. on the basis of a prospectus claiming fictitious profits. He discovers the truth 4 months later, but in the meantime has attended an AGM. Can he rescind?

Answer: No. By attending the general meeting, Mr. R is deemed to have affirmed the contract and lost his right to rescind. However, he may still sue for damages.

### Example 2

Example 2: Mr. K purchased 500 shares of N Ltd. from the stock exchange. The shares were originally issued under a misleading prospectus 6 months ago. Can K sue the company?

Answer: No. The remedy is available only to direct subscribers (those allotted shares by the company). As K bought from the market, he has no remedy against the company, directors, or promoters.

⚠️ Common exam mistakes

  • Extending company-level remedies to secondary-market purchasers — the right belongs only to direct subscribers.
  • Forgetting that attending a general meeting or receiving dividends extinguishes the right to rescind.
  • Confusing criminal and civil liability — criminal requires mens rea; civil requires proof of loss.
  • Missing the timeline: rescission must occur before winding up proceedings have begun.
Reference:
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