## Classification of Interpretation
### (A) Prof. H.F. Jolowicz (Lectures on Jurisprudence)
Jolowicz classifies interpretation into two broad heads:
```
Interpretation
/ \
Legal Doctrinal
/ \ / \
Authentic Usual Grammatical Logical
```
- Legal interpretation — interpretation that has the force of law.
- Authentic interpretation — by the legislature itself (e.g., through a defining statute or explanation).
- Usual interpretation — by long-standing legal usage or by courts in the ordinary course.
- Doctrinal interpretation — interpretation by jurists and scholars based on principles.
- Grammatical interpretation — focuses on the letter of the law, i.e., the literal meaning of words.
- Logical interpretation — focuses on the spirit of the law, going beyond the literal text to the intended sense.
### (B) Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald gives a simpler two-fold classification:
```
Interpretation
/ \
Literal Functional
```
- Literal interpretation — gives effect to the plain meaning of the words used.
- Functional interpretation — looks at the function/purpose the law is meant to serve, going beyond bare words.
### Bridging the Two Classifications
- Jolowicz's 'Grammatical' ≈ Fitzgerald's 'Literal' (the letter).
- Jolowicz's 'Logical' ≈ Fitzgerald's 'Functional' (the spirit / function).