# Rule of Literal (Grammatical) Construction
This is the first and most fundamental rule of interpretation. It is also called literalegis — literal construction of law.
## Core Principle
> When the words of a statute are clear, plain and unambiguous, and only one meaning can be derived, the words must be followed literally.
The maxim 'absoluta sententia expositore non indiget' applies — 'a simple proposition needs no expositor'. In other words, where the words are plain and capable of only one interpretation, no explanation is required.
## Different Layers of 'Meaning' Under This Rule
| Type | When Applied | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Grammatical meaning | General default | Construe per rules of grammar unless ambiguous or absurd. |
| Ordinary meaning | Common words | Give words their plain, natural meaning. |
| Technical meaning | Technical legislation | Words presumed to carry technical meaning (if they have one). |
| Trade meaning | Trade-specific provisions | Give meaning understood by those conversant with the trade. |
## Implications of the Rule
1. Every word must be given a meaning — no word should be treated as redundant (also called the rule against surplusage).
2. Courts cannot legislate — if a matter is not provided for in the statute, courts cannot supply the omission, even if they feel it should have been provided.
3. No reference to legal decisions — literal construction is about the meaning of the words on their face, without bringing in case law.
## When NOT to Use the Literal Rule
The court should adopt literal interpretation unless:
- The language is ambiguous, OR
- The literal sense would give rise to an absurdity, OR
- It would defeat the purpose of the Act.
## Key Maxim
'Absoluta sententia expositore non indiget' — plain words need no expositor.