# Latin Maxims Frequently Used in Interpretation
A quick-reference table — memorise the maxim, its meaning and at least one situation where it applies.
| # | Maxim | Meaning | Where it applies |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Litera legis | Literal construction of law | Starting rule — give words their ordinary meaning. |
| 2 | Absoluta sententia expositore non indiget | When you have plain words capable of only one interpretation, no explanation is required | Reinforces the literal rule — courts will not strain plain words. |
| 3 | Ut Res Magis Valeat Quam Pareat | The interpretation should be such as to make the statute effective and operative rather than nugatory | Reasonable construction — avoid an interpretation that defeats the statute. |
| 4 | Generalia specialibus non derogant | A specific rule will override a general rule | When a special law and a general law conflict, the special law prevails. |
| 5 | Ejusdem generis | Of the same class or species | General words following specific words are limited to that class. |
| 6 | Expressio unius est exclusio alterius | Express mention of one thing implies the exclusion of another | Where a list is given, items omitted are deemed excluded. |
| 7 | Noscitur a sociis | The meaning of a word is derived from its associated words | A doubtful word takes colour from the words around it. |
| 8 | Contemporanea expositio est optima et fortissima in lege | The best and strongest way to interpret a document is to read it as it would have been read when made | Old statutes and deeds — read as understood at the time of making. |
| 9 | Optima legum interpres est consuetudo | Custom is the best interpreter of the law | Where statutory meaning is doubtful, usage and custom guide interpretation. |
| 10 | Pari materia | On the same subject / in an analogous case | Statutes dealing with the same subject may be read together. |
## Tip for the exam
Always pair the maxim with: (a) its literal meaning, (b) the rule of interpretation it represents, and (c) one short example. Examiners often ask 'Explain with example'.