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Microlesson · 5-min read

Binding Effect of MOA and AOA on Company and Members

## Effect of MOA & AOA

Once registered, the MOA and AOA function like a contract binding the company and its members.

### Three Binding Relationships

Bound PartyBound ToStatus
CompanyMembersBound
MembersCompanyBound
MembersOther MembersNOT bound (general rule)

### Members' Money Owed = Debt

Any money payable by a member to the company under the MOA/AOA is treated as a debt owed by the member to the company — recoverable like a loan.

### Illustrative Case Laws

1. Borland's Trustee v. Steel Bros & Co Ltd (Member to Company)

  • AOA: If a member went bankrupt, his shares must be sold at a price set by directors.
  • Borland (a member) went bankrupt; his trustee tried to sell the shares at a higher price.
  • Held: The trustee was bound by AOA — sale must follow AOA terms.

2. Wood v. Odessa Waterworks Co. (Company to Member)

  • AOA: Directors could declare dividend subject to general meeting approval.
  • Directors proposed paying dividend through debenture bonds instead of cash.
  • Held: Dividend must be paid in cash as per AOA — company is bound.

3. Rayfield v. Hands (Member to Member — exception)

  • The AOA required directors (who were also members) to buy shares from a transferring member at fair value.
  • Held: Directors were compelled to buy as the AOA imposed that obligation as between members.

### Key Insight: Members Are Not Bound to Each Other — Generally

But Rayfield v. Hands shows that where the AOA expressly creates obligations between members (e.g., share transfer mechanisms), those obligations can be enforced inter se.

Worked example

### Example 1

Example 1: A's call money of ₹10,000 is unpaid. Company sues to recover. Answer: Recoverable as a debt — member bound to company.

### Example 2

Example 2: AOA says dividend in cash; Board declares it in kind. Answer: Members can compel the company to pay in cash (Odessa Waterworks principle).

### Example 3

Example 3: AOA says departing members must offer shares to existing members at fair value. Answer: Enforceable member-to-member (Rayfield v. Hands principle).

⚠️ Common exam mistakes

  • Stating absolutely that members are never bound to each other — they can be where the AOA creates such an obligation (Rayfield v. Hands).
  • Forgetting that calls/share money are recoverable as debts under MOA/AOA terms.
Reference: Companies Act, 2013 – Section 10 — Case Law
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