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Microlesson · 5-min read

AS 9 – Principal vs Agent

## Principal vs. Agent: Revenue Recognition

When a transaction involves a Principal and an Agent, each recognises revenue differently:

PartyRevenue Recognised
PrincipalGross amount of goods/services sold
AgentOnly the commission/fee earned

### Who is the Principal?

The principal is the entity that is primarily responsible to fulfil the contract — bears inventory risk, sets prices, and delivers the product/service.

### Who is the Agent?

The agent only facilitates the transaction and earns a fee/commission — no inventory risk, no primary obligation to the customer.

### GST / Taxes

Amounts collected from customers and paid to the government (GST) are not revenue for either principal or agent.

### Common Examples

ScenarioPrincipalAgent
Food delivery (MCD via Zomato)MCDZomato
Franchise coaching (AK Sid via Prince Franchise)AK SidPrince Franchise
Insurance sold via bankInsurance CompanyBank

Worked example

### Example 1

Customer orders from MCD through Zomato:

  • Burger + Fries + Coke = ₹200
  • Delivery fee = ₹25
  • GST = ₹10 (paid to Govt.)
  • Total billed to customer = ₹235

MCD Revenue = ₹200 (principal — responsible for food)

Zomato Revenue = ₹25 (agent — earns delivery/platform fee)

GST = ₹10 — not revenue for anyone; remitted to government

### Example 2

Students book AK Sid's coaching classes through Prince Franchise:

  • Classes charged = ₹9,000
  • Agent fee to Prince = ₹1,000
  • GST = ₹1,800

AK Sid Revenue = ₹9,000 (principal — delivers teaching service)

Prince Revenue = ₹1,000 (agent — only the commission)

GST = ₹1,800 — not part of revenue for either party

⚠️ Common exam mistakes

  • An agent recognising gross sales as its revenue instead of only its commission/fee.
  • A principal recognising only net revenue (after deducting agent commission) instead of gross revenue.
  • Including GST/taxes in revenue — taxes collected on behalf of the government are never part of revenue.
  • Misidentifying who is the principal: ask who bears inventory risk and who is primarily responsible to the customer.
Reference:
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